Blind Spot Warning System for Vehicles Based on Ultrasound Sensor & Display
Info: 17002 words (68 pages) Dissertation
Published: 11th Dec 2019
Tags: TechnologyAutomotive
DEVELOPMENT OF BLIND SPOT WARNING SYSTEM FOR VEHICLES BASED ON ULTRASOUND SENSOR & DISPLAY
Insects can be a serious problem for some people. Harmful disease transmitting by insects such as houseflies and cockroaches are the most terrifying creatures which scared off most of the people with it smells and disgusting look. To deal with those insects and eliminate this insects effectively, the automated Passive Infrared (PIR) motion active type of pest repellent system is proposed. It have a specific microcontroller which control how the system works such as the on and off of the system, the position and the baits or sensor used. The microcontroller control the repellent system by using information gathered from the PIR motion sensors integrated into the system and manipulate the position of the sensor detection.
This project is focus to redesign and fabricate new automated active type pest repellent system by integrating the PIR motion sensor which is able to distinguish all the insects at the same time. This project has successfully designed an automated PIR motion pest repellent system. The design is focus on the motion sensor that were integrated in the system to enhance the reliability in detecting the pest movement. Thus, the active system also have been integrated to the prototype by using Arduino controller as the medium to control the application and sensor that have been installed.
The result shows that the PIR motion sensor can detect the movement and send the output to turn on the application. This also shows that conservation of energy can be achieved by the active system where only 5V of power supply required to triggered the motion sensor and send the signal to relay to get the 240V of application to functioned.
Serangga boleh menjadi masalah yang serius bagi sesetengah orang. Penyakit berbahaya disebarkan oleh serangga seperti lalat dan lipas adalah makhluk yang paling menakutkan sebahagian besar orang dengan keadaanya yang berbau dan kelihatan menjijikkan. Untuk berurusan dengan serangga dan menghapuskan serangga ini dengan berkesan, (PIR) gerakan automatik pasif inframerah jenis aktif sistem perosak penghalau dicadangkan. Ia mempunyai mikropengawal tertentu yang mengawal bagaimana sistem ini berfungsi seperti di dalam dan di luar sistem, kedudukan dan umpan atau sensor digunakan. Mikropengawal mengawal sistem penghalau dengan menggunakan maklumat yang dikumpul dari PIR sensor gerakan bersepadu ke dalam sistem dan memanipulasi kedudukan pengesanan sensor.
Projek ini adalah fokus untuk merangka semula dan menghasilkan jenis sistem aktif perosak penghalau baru dengan mengintegrasikan sensor gerakan PIR yang mampu untuk membezakan semua serangga pada masa yang sama. Projek ini telah berjaya menghasilkan gerakan PIR sistem perosak penghalau automatik. Reka bentuk adalah tumpuan kepada sensor gerakan yang bersepadu dalam sistem untuk meningkatkan kebolehpercayaan dalam mengesan pergerakan perosak. Oleh itu, sistem aktif juga telah bersepadu untuk prototaip dengan menggunakan pengawal Arduino sebagai medium untuk mengawal aplikasi dan sensor yang telah dipasang.
Table of content
2.3.2 Blind spot detection system of Volvo vehicle
2.4 Some components that used in applications of blind spot :-
2.6 The invention ideas of BSD system
2.7 The idea of ultrasonic sensor
2.8 Preferences of ultrasonic detecting contrast with another framework detecting in BSD framework.
3.2 Circuit design of BSD framework
3.3 Structure design and installation of BSD system
3.4 Fabricate the prototype of blind spot system
3.5 Test the efficiency of the blind spot system
3.7 System integration: interfacing hardware and software BSD system
LIST OF FIGURES
PIR – Passive Infrared
LED – Light Emitting Diode
QFD – Quality Function Deployment
IDE – Integrated Development Environment
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
driving an automobile in cutting-edge movement conditions is fantastically unsafe. The high chance should manifest if the motive force viewing the upcoming road risks and in the period in-between, appearance in reverse in expressways riding. it’s far basic to look both sideway and in opposite earlier than securely change the paths. A difficulty that frequently concerned by using the driving force is the ranges cannot be visible by way of aspect view and returned view mirrors, that’s called as blind spot vicinity of car. In some mischances instances, it’s miles passed off because of a driving force’s failure to display the blind sides district properly. As per a review from 1995, The discoveries show that the greater part of path change moves happen on level ground, straight street, dry street conditions and great climate amid the daytime or in lit evening time conditions (Varghese et al.,2014). These elements ought to support the utilization of mirrors and direct visual perception seeing by the driver. the realization is that mirrors and physically turning the top and frame alone aren’t furnishing the driver with adequate information to keep a strategic distance from a mishap (Lin and Li,2010), Blind spot district is a selection to the side and marginally at the back of driver fields of imaginative and prescient that is not reflected within the vehicle improve replicate and requires the driver to turn their make a beeline for display screen the area earlier than making any interest, as an instance, converting the path. An problem might be takes place whilst a vehicle shifting in the direction of every other automobile blind aspect and the driver now not capable of see the vehicle pick out to exchange the course. for example, allude photograph in figure 1.1 below, place of motors out and approximately and the driver’s view from facet reflect and returned reflect become regarded. At the correct facet, the blue car is in the green car blind side region and drivers can see a tad bit some portion of the blue automobile and anticipate the place of the auto is a long approaches in the back of from his automobile. At that point, when the inexperienced car chooses to alternate the direction, mischance may additionally manifest. what’s greater, several road mishaps are takes place in blind facet district particularly in thruway due to surpassing, being weigh down or converting the course activity. Now and then, a few drivers are excessively centering, making it impossible to screen their blind aspect locale and misfortune listen out and approximately earlier than them. those sports may additionally lead them into mishaps that make a contribution into harm, misfortune or even passing. The outcome of the mischance will bring difficulty to any consisting of birthday celebration. Mindfulness from the issue, several devices had been designed to display screen the locale, as an instance, blind side mirror but it much less viable as mischance nevertheless happens in mild of the fact that the system exactness is relies on upon the driver. on this way, a framework that can perceive cars nearness in blind side and cautioning the motive force had been designed to assure the street client wellbeing.
Figure 1.1 : Example of Blind Spot
1.2 Problem Statement
these days, innovation in automobiles has been speedy increasing to diminish the threat of twist of fate even as driving automobile. there are numerous research proposed in view of the using help framework concentrating at the blind spot district (Ollis et al. , 1999).
Blind spot is ranges around a car that can’t be watched mainly by using the driving force, in this manner numerous avenue accidents occur in mild of the motive force not able to see some other motors method the blind spot particularly even as converting the lane. Then, to conquer this hassle a system that could locate the motors within the blind spot stages need to be fabricated to alert the driving force approximately the case at the blind spot ranges to assure the safety of road customers. In figure 1.2, the vicinity approximately generally called to blind spot is the returned quarter blind spots, area towards the lower back of the automobile on both facets. motors inside the adjacent ways of the street may additionally fall into those blind side, and a driving force can be no longer capable see abutting vehicles the usage of handiest the automobiles mirrors. specific zones which are periodically known as blind spots are those that are too low to look behind and before cars. additionally, in occasions in which side vision is deter zones to one facet or right can emerge as it appears that evidently blind facets too.
Figure 1.2: The blind spots. ( car mirror-2011)
1.3 Objectives of the study
The objectives of this project are:
1. To design & fabricate a new system of a prototype of the blind spot system by calculate distance for detect object when vehicle enter the blind spot region and display Warning audio and Warning written by using screen and speaker .
2. To test the efficiency of the blind spot system by using ultrasound sensor and programming applied in Arduino Uno Controller.
The objectives identified is expected to show up and presented by the result obtained upon the project completion.
1.4 Scope of the study
They a few extents of work have been resolved are as per the following:
1-BSD framework that centering quarter blind spot locale vehicle.
2-BSD framework is appropriate apply for car, van and little lorry.
The proposed framework will utilize ultrasound technology, henceforth a few restrictions are normal, for example,
The identity angle is just 15deg, alongside those strains the sensor should be located appropriately to cover the locale of intrigue (BSR). Thusly a unique equipment ought to be intended to settle the position of the sensors at certain aspect.
The affectability of the sensors should be dissected, as it might result in a few deferral inside the region system. as a result, a calculation might be applied to pay off this deferral.
1.5 Chapter layout
chapter 1: introduction of the project. The rationalization for the mission may be given in a fashionable time period. The dreams of the task might be defined. it’s far trailed with the aid of explanation in the volume of assignment.
chapter 2:
Literature review for the improvement of blind spot system detection .This phase portrays the literature evaluate of the project elaborately. clarification will be centered round type of sensor associated tested and in view of speculation and calculated thoughts. a few literature evaluations of current tasks based on blind spot detection and hardware evaluation of prototypes also are being discussed.
chapter 3:
This part examines the full device of the overall task along device and programming advancement.
chapter 4:
This element clarifies the outcomes got with admire to the execution of the device.
chapter five:
discussion and conclusion, on this section examination, costing and commercialization and future may be talked about. in the long run, the finish of this mission is additionally, the epilogue of this assignment is also being discussed.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Background
Literature review was done all through the entire project to pick up learning and enhance aptitudes expected to finish this project. The principle hotspots for this project are past related activities, inquire about postulation, books, diaries and articles which are generally gotten from online databases. This part concentrates on the essential ideas and all central speculations which identified with this project.
2.2 Blind Spot
The blind side of vehicle the street region that is undetectable to the driver View factor while looking through aspect-view or lower back view mirror (Yu et al.,2013) without head rotation (Anon ,2014) which can lead into mishap. The spot will become maximum vital while the driver is converting route. as an example, a driver who will switch to another lane seems inside the facet mirror to affirm that the path is loose, however an automobile suddenly comes from in the back of, exactly when the driving force goes to move to any other lane (Yu et al.,2013), hence accident could be occur if the driver push aside the blind spot reigns. except in Australia, there are massive variant and growing gap between bicycle owner and car occupant protection upward thrust by biking blind spot (Anon,2014) . as a result, blind spot can increase the threat of accident.
2-3 Steps of BSD System
2.3.1 convex mirrors
Utilize a blind spot mirror. These are little, curved mirrors that append to either your driver’s side view mirror or its lodging. The mirror is bended outward, which offers altogether better perceivability and can help upgrade your security. The mounting area for a blind spot mirror is by and large at the upper external corner of your side view reflect, yet this changes starting with one car then onto the next. You’ll have to explore different avenues regarding distinctive areas to locate the one most appropriate for you ( Valerie Johnston , 2015) .
figure 2.1 shows the Different installation of the convex mirror on each vehicle
2.3.2 Side Eye: Mobile Assistant for Blind Spot Monitoring
As per the activity safety facts report of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, more than five million police-revealed motor vehicle crashes happened in the United States in 2011(NHTSA,2013) . Diverted driving is an always developing concern and driver wellbeing frameworks are progressively getting embraced. Be that as it may, despite everything they stay as elements in the extravagance vehicles. The high entrance of cell phones has made it conceivable to bring some of those wellbeing highlights inside everybody’s scope. While a portion of the current works have proposed following the street conditions and observing the driver with a cell phone, they have not secured the blind spot. In this paper, we exhibit Side Eye, a cell phone based framework to screen the blind spot on the driver side and caution the driver about the nearness of a vehicle . We investigate two methodologies in view of force variety and shape coordinating to recognize a vehicle in the blind spot . Our assessment demonstrates that, when a vehicle is in the blind spot, our framework can distinguish and caution the driver with a precision of 87% progressively(Singh et al.,2014).
2.3.2.1: Area to Monitor and Alert
Fig. 1 demonstrates a case of how we mount the cell phone in the vehicle. We can without much of a stretch discover a place to mount the cell phone on the windshield or on the dashboard to permit the front camera of the cell phone to screen the blind side range. The red polygon appeared morally justified of Figure 2.2 is the region of interest (ROI) on which our Side-eye framework will screen, which covers the blind side of the driver. The ROI is the region on the following path on the driver side. At the point when there is a vehicle in ROI, it is anything but difficult to bring about crash if the sense of self vehicle endeavors to change path without seeing that vehicle.
The cell phone’s screen is confronting the driver. At whatever point Side Eye identifies a vehicle in the ROI, it cautions the driver at the earliest opportunity to enhance security. The framework can function as a daemon string all the while with different applications in cell phone, e.g. route application. Just when the framework distinguishes something basic, i.e. a vehicle is in the ROI, it alarms the driver. The framework could caution the driver in various routes, for instance, demonstrate a notice symbol on the screen or give a sound cautioning.
2.3.2.2: Schemes
We utilize camera to screen the ROI and process the data in the video outline. Actually, we utilize PC vision based methods to carry out this occupation. We investigate two ways to deal with distinguish whether there is a vehicle in the ROI (Reviewed et al.,2006). One checks for the adjustment in the power of picture inside ROI; alternate searches for the vehicle in ROI by the information of vehicle’s shape. Underneath, we show the force and form coordinating based plans for distinguishing vehicles. 1) Intensity based plan: When there is a vehicle in the ROI (as appeared in the upper right of Figure 2.3), the appropriation of the pixel force of the ROI could be essentially not the same as the situation when the street is void (Figure 2.3(top left)).
In this research we show Side Eye, a cell phone based application which screens the driver-side blind side and alarms the driver. We assessed our framework on information gathered from a regular roadway driving, and furthermore measured the proficiency on a genuine cell phone. The outcome clarifies that it is conceivable to adequately identify and alarm the driver when there is vehicle in the blind side region. Our framework can accomplish accuracy and review both at around 85% in distinguishing the scene in the blind side region. Albeit Side Eye needs facilitate refinement to make it vigorous, it indicates guarantee in enhancing the driver wellbeing. On the off chance that done well, Side Eye can fill yet another wellbeing highlight ailing in non-extravagance vehicles by conveying it to the universal cell phones.
2.3.3 Blind spot detection system of Volvo vehicle
From Figure 2.4, another case of usage of blind spot checking framework. The Volvo vehicle utilize in light of radar detecting that advises the driver about vehicles in the blind spots on both sides of the car. It is additionally identify and cautions the driver to quickly moving toward vehicles up to 70 meter behind the car (Anon,2014).
2.3.4 Blind spot detection system of BMW (5 series):
Blind spot discovery framework is system that actually fundamental to display screen blind side district at the same time as riding car in current motion situation. effect among car can often manifest if the driver did no longer legitimately nicely check the blind
aspect locale amid changing the path.
Figure 2.5 Blind spot monitor
The encompassing range of the driver and the condition ebb and flow of circumstance for potential risk should be considered as driver need to change the paths.
Situation awareness (SA) in the observation and acknowledgment stages is critical when a man has time close by, for example, while moving to another lane. SA can be characterized into three levels(Endsley,1995)
level 1: Perception of components in the earth
level 2: Comprehension of current circumstance
level 3: Projection of future status
Thus, around 75% of the mischance amid path changes is because of driver Situation Awareness disappointment (Knipling,1993). Blind side observing framework is basic to enhance perceivability and lessen the visually impaired zone keeping in mind the end goal to actualize wellbeing driving.
These days, blind side observing framework is executed in a few vehicles. Ordinarily, top of the line and cutting edge vehicle utilizing installed arrangement of blind side checking. In the meantime, low-end vehicle requires driving help of blind side observing framework. Either installed framework or driving help the point is just a single to enhance security while driving a vehicle. For instance, BMW (5series) display have the dynamic blind side discovery to ready driver if there any up and coming potential danger in blind side zone.
From figure 2.6, dynamic blind spot discovery arrangement of BMW (5series) show help to take out blind facets and without a doubt allows drivers to stay away from influences even as switching to any other lane, certainly retaining your look directly beforehand. utilizing radar detecting to distinguish substance vehicle and set behind the vehicle. This framework cautions drivers if a vehicle is in their blind side locale car. The light show on their side-see reflect lodgings starts to streak and furthermore controlling wheel vibrate.
2.3.5 Blind-Spot Camera System
side mirror mounted electronic visual assist system for enhanced driver awareness The left side outside mirror gives ~5° view to the driver, and the correct side just ~12° see, while the inside rearview reflect gives ~20° see, leaving almost 37° of the back view region darkened from the drivers see – an expansive blind spot ! Path moving without some extra view can undoubtedly bring about a mishap if a passing vehicle is darkened inside that visually impaired zone to either side. Blind spot cameras essentially increment the obvious range left and right, improving driver familiarity with space adjacent to them by for all intents and purposes taking out the blind spot . Blind spot cameras give a 120° wide edge see. Multi-pivot customizability makes for adjustment to an extensive variety of mirror unit shapes. Associates with ANY trigger wire or video flag initiated video show with RCA input. Turn signals initiate cameras (Anon,2014).
2.3.5.1 Blind Spot Camera Detailed Specifications :
• Reverse Image (for Mirror see)
• 120deg Wide Angle 1.7mm Glass Lens
• MT9V136 1/4″ CMOS Image Sensor
• Hi-Resolution CMOS: 480 TV lines
• Fast Vertical Refresh Rate: 60Hz
• Low Light Sensitivity < 0.2lux and Auto Night-vision
• Auto Gain, White Balance and Back Light Comp.
• Operating Temp: – 22° ~ 158°f
• Operating Humidity: RH 95% Max.
• Waterproof IP66
• 12v DC Input [inline inverter ~> 3.3V to camera]
• RCA Composite Video yield: 1.0vp-p 75 W stack
• Quad 3.5mm Minijack to RCA+Pwr Adaptor Included
• 3m RCA-M/M Video Cable Included
• 3m Power Lead w/5.5mm stick included
• Multi-Axis Adjustable Mounting Systems
2.4 A Wireless Sensor-Based Driving Assistant for Automobiles in view of ultrasonic detecting.
on this paper, the framework is going about as a driving assistant for cars that acknowledges the difficulty or protest in the observed area and alarm the driver via cloth, sound and visible flag. This using right hand relies upon on ultrasonic detecting technique (Anon , 2014).
The framework includes 5 separate components: four of them are the sensor modules and the fifth one is the controller. The hubs are associated inside the continuation that joined to body of the automobile. inside the suggest time, controller in charge of making plans the operation of the hubs and after that process the data for introducing alarms to the driving force. the two front corners on each facets of the vehicle are secured with the aid of sensor modules. even as the blind spot regions are the probably ones to be dismissed by drivers, the 2 front corners are determined to create the most astounding mischance fees (Anon,2014) (Yu et al. n.d.,2013) . As appeared in determine 2.10, it demonstrates the connection some of the framework elements. each one of the 5 modules are makes round a similar preparing unit comprising of a microcontroller and radio handset. The sensor modules comprise of ultrasonic sensors in a similar time the controller related to 3 styles of markers, as an instance, LEDs board, bell, and the vibrators mounted on the directing wheel (Academy et al. , 2009) .
(adjusted from: http://www.suurland.com/blueprints_archive.php)
Identified with this exploration, there are four essential parts should be considered. There are sensor, marker, remote correspondence and modules. The using colleague distinguish the protest or obstruction through ultrasonic nearness sensor (PING))) TM Ultrasonic Sensor, Parallax Inc). every other option for discovery the protest is by infrared sensor yet infrared sensors do no longer have the exactness in their ultrasonic partners because of the encompassing commotion and infrared radiation (Anon,2014) .
As in line with table 2.1, the pointer can be sensible and cautions the driver if query input the blind spot district region. vehicle is ordered safe and the every one of the hints deactivated if there aren’t any obstructions or question are to be had in region 1 and eleven area 2. within the intervening time, LED suggestions are swung directly to give warning to driving force if the gadgets enter in sector 1 and will be considered as “extremely debilitated”. for this reason, while question enter region 2, the car is ordered “undermined”. driven markers, either the vibrators or the bell are turned on (Anon , 2014) .
The wireless communication is related between the sensor and the ultrasonic sensor. Favorable function of utilizing remote association is the easy established order. It moreover did now not require greater space for wiring the blind spot discovery framework.
2.5 Ultrasonic sensor based blind spot mishap avoidance framework
In this exploration paper, the framework in light of nearness identification gadget is utilizing radio recurrence waves for recognizing object. It incorporates three parts(Academy et al. , 2009) :
2.5.1 Front sensor, left sensor and right sensor
The front sensor is practical to recognize normal dark spots. This sensor will display nearness of any substance and caution the motive force approximately the up and coming chance in instances of transitory blind spot . In figure 2.11, it demonstrates the placement of sensor append on frame of the automobile. The left and proper sensor will cover the blind spot at again of car.
2.5.2 LED meter
As regarded in figure 2.12, the LED meter practical in mild of the sensor to warning the driver approximately element query or doable hazard. The LED meter changed into partitioned into 3 section actuation. at the off chance that the left sensor distinguish the protest the left hand aspect LED meter will be actuated. while, if proper sensor distinguish the question the proper hand aspect LED meter may be activated. eventually, the front hand side LED meter reveal threat of the front sensor.
2.6 Some components that used in applications of blind spot: –
2.6.1 Microcontroller:
A microcontroller is a bit pc on a solitary coordinated circuit containing a processor middle, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals which can be supposed for inserted programs, in preference to the chip utilized as a part of desktops or different universally useful packages. by means of lessening the size and cost contrasted with a plan that makes use of a specific chip, memory, and enter/output devices, microcontrollers make it sparing to carefully manipulate notably extra devices and techniques.
Figure 2.13 : The microcontroller 16F877A
2.6.2 PIC
PIC or Peripheral Interface Controller is a group of microcontroller adjusted using Harvard engineering which bodily isolate ability and flag pathways for instructions and data by using Microchip era. snap shots are widely known with both current designers and experts alike because of their minimum attempt, huge accessibility, significant patron base, extensive accumulation of utilization notes, accessibility of ease or unfastened development gadgets, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) ability. The blessings of percent is, little route set to research, RISC
(Lessened training Set Computing) layout, labored in oscillator and in circuit troubleshooting, PICkit is available.
Figure 2.14 : Block diagram of typical microcontroller 16F877A
2.6.3 PIC 16F877A
The PIC16F877A segments is 256 bytes of EEPROM records reminiscence, self-programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, eight channels of 10-bit Analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, 2 catch/look at/PWM capacities, the synchronous serial port can be planned as either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the 2-wire Inter-Joined Circuit (I²C™) delivery and a familiar Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART). those elements make it ideal for greater pushed stage A/D applications in car, present day, mechanical assemblies and client packages.
Figure 2.15 : PIC 16F877A
2.6.4 Sensor’s
on this project, sensor is utilized to recognize an automobile nearness in the blind spot range to manufacture automatic gazing framework, in this manner the sensor has to be chosen shrewdly in light of the truth that each sensor has theirs expert and cons. as an instance, imaginative and prescient based sensor may be applied to watch the blind spot efficaciously but under first rate weather or ecological difficulty, as an instance, murkiness, the sensor cannot be utilized extremely properly. other than that, for radar or Radio Detection and varying has least false warning gadget, which sounds the warning simply when there was a relative development between the automobile and the protest (Indoware 2013) . moreover, this sort of sensor cannot apprehend query of converting size what is greater, role. whilst laser sensor discharge a thin light emission that may be applied to measured separation as much as 100cm accuracy yet may be very high-priced and may be applied as it had been to discover protest inside a solitary plane (Indoware,2013).
On other hand, in view of studies paper accomplished by Tarek Mohammad are speaking about making use of Infrared and Ultrasonic sensor for separation estimation. The paper expresses that Infrared sensor (IR) is much less luxurious in fee and speedier as a result time of than ultrasonic sensor (US) (Measuring and Unit,2006) . apart from that, IR sensor is utilizing pondered mild and depends reflectance of surfaces homes while US sensor is making use of taken into consideration waves which self-sustaining reflectance of surfaces residences to gauges the separation from a question (Measuring and Unit,2006). At that point, the author looked at both sensors using Phong Enlightenment model approach to determine their reflectance properties of the surfaces and figuring of a separation. From the outcome, the sufficiency of us sensor is reliant at the separation and advent of the obstacles loved ones to the sensor and the yield flag is free at the surfaces shading and smoothness. even as, for the sufficiency of IR sensor is concern to the reflectivity of the protest obstruction and marginally reliant on ecological situation, for instance, daylight hours. On another palms, US sensor has particularly higher determination than IR sensor specially for little separation estimation inside theirs usable variety (Measuring and Unit , 2006) . therefore, US sensor is advanced to IR sensor for outdoor application.